{"id":966320,"date":"2026-09-25T10:00:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T09:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geo-zs.si\/?p=966320"},"modified":"2026-09-25T10:55:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T09:55:41","slug":"susa-po-susi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geo-zs.si\/en\/susa-po-susi\/","title":{"rendered":"Drought After Drought"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z <strong>Dr. Luka Serianz<\/strong>, we spoke with researchers at the Department of Groundwater\u2014Hydrogeology\u2014about this past summer, when Slovenia and much of Europe were affected by a lack of rainfall and drought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read on to learn how droughts affect groundwater, what the current state of water resources is, and why understanding them is crucial for adapting to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This summer was marked by a severe drought, which was reflected primarily in catastrophic consequences for agriculture and extremely low water levels in rivers and streams. Can we also expect droughts to affect the supply of drinking water in the future?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fortunately, this year\u2019s drought has not significantly jeopardized the reliability of the drinking water supply at the national level, but it has already affected the availability of water resources in certain areas and once again highlighted the vulnerability of some water supply systems. It serves as a clear reminder that the frequency and intensity of hydrological droughts are increasing. This is a phenomenon we will have to learn to live with and, above all, adapt to through measures that will increase society\u2019s resilience to future water crises. European water policies are also increasingly emphasizing adaptation to climate change, the protection of water resources, and the strengthening of the resilience of water systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a society, we still seem to live under the belief that Slovenia is a water-rich country where we simply cannot run out of water. It is true that Slovenia receives a lot of precipitation. It is also true that we boast abundant water resources. However, the water that flows from the tap cannot be taken for granted. In Slovenia, groundwater accounts for more than 95 percent of the drinking water supply. Drought is therefore not merely a problem of agriculture or low river flows, as is often portrayed in public discourse. We can legitimately say that drought is primarily a problem of groundwater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>So, in the public discussions about the consequences of this year\u2019s drought, have we overlooked the effects of the drought on the groundwater that provides us with drinking water?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Partly yes, but this is understandable to a certain extent. Unlike rivers, lakes, and other surface waters, where the effects of low precipitation are quickly reflected in reduced flows and lower water levels, changes in aquifers occur hidden from view. Due to the large storage capacity and slow flow of groundwater, the effects of drought typically become apparent after a certain time lag. The first signs of groundwater drought are usually detected by operators of drinking water supply systems. In intergranular aquifers, groundwater levels decline, while in karst water sources, spring discharge may decrease. In gravity-fed water supply systems, this can also result in reduced water availability and lower pressures in the network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Precisely because of the slow response of aquifers, there is often the impression that drought has no significant impact on groundwater. In reality, its effects can accumulate over several months or even years before becoming apparent in the form of reduced water availability. This is due to the fact that groundwater flows very slowly through rocks and sediments. Even in the most permeable intergranular aquifers, flow rates typically reach only a few meters per day, while in many other environments they are measured in centimeters or even millimeters per year. Consequently, groundwater remains in aquifers for periods ranging from a few years to several decades, and even significantly longer in deep regional systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fact that we may not yet notice the consequences very clearly today does not mean that we will not notice them tomorrow. On the contrary, precisely because of increasing pressure on the environment, growing demand for water, and climate change, we are reducing the natural resilience of aquifers to future droughts. If we want to maintain a reliable supply of drinking water in the future, we must treat groundwater drought just as seriously as droughts affecting rivers and lakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is the key issue in understanding the impact of drought on groundwater?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the key questions in understanding the impact of drought on groundwater is what is actually happening to the water reserves stored beneath the surface. Aquifers, in fact, act as large natural reservoirs. They can store substantial amounts of water that have been accumulated in the system under favorable hydrogeological conditions. When precipitation is scarce, these reserves begin to be gradually released. As a result, the most severe consequences of drought are often observed much later than one might expect. This pattern is particularly pronounced in areas with karst and karst-fissure aquifers, which provide about 50 percent of drinking water sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In such aquifers, during periods without precipitation, individual parts of the system deplete at different rates. According to a highly simplified concept, faster outflow from more permeable structures initially predominates, while later an increasing proportion of the flow is supplied by water reserves from less permeable parts of the aquifer. As a result, the discharge regime changes over time, making it very difficult to predict the system\u2019s response to a prolonged drought. For water supply systems that draw drinking water directly from springs, this means that flow can drop sharply during a prolonged drought, or the spring may even dry up. Such cases are not uncommon, and springs of strategic importance\u2014such as the Ri\u017eana Spring, which supplies drinking water to the Coastal Region\u2014are particularly critical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I would particularly like to highlight the Julian Alps, which represent one of the most important systems with available groundwater reserves in Slovenia and, due to the special nature conservation regime within the Triglav National Park, hold particular strategic importance. This year provides a very interesting example in this regard. Despite extreme drought conditions and a lack of precipitation for much of the year, the flows of numerous important Alpine springs in the Julian Alps did not reach historically low levels. At first glance, one might conclude that the situation is not particularly cause for concern. However, such an interpretation would be overly simplistic. The fact that flow rates remain above critical levels even during severe drought does not necessarily mean that there is no water deficit. It primarily means that the system is still drawing on reserves built up in previous years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this very reason, dry-season spring discharge is not merely a reflection of the weather conditions of the current year. They are also influenced by hydrological conditions in previous years, precipitation levels in the catchment area, the extent of winter snow cover, and long-term processes of groundwater recharge. The thickness of the snowpack in the Alps plays a particularly important role in this regard. Snow acts as a kind of seasonal water reservoir that is released gradually, allowing aquifers to be replenished even during months when precipitation is scarce. This means that weather conditions in the coming months will significantly affect not only this fall but also next summer. If groundwater reserves are not adequately replenished this year, we may not feel the consequences until a year from now\u2014or perhaps even later. We can only imagine what conditions will be like if we have a similarly dry summer next year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regardless of our efforts, drought is a natural phenomenon and will continue to occur in the future. A much more important question, however, is how we as a society respond to it. Only then will it become clear how well we understand the system on which we are practically entirely dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How can we, as a society, respond to periods of drought\u2014which will be difficult to avoid in the future\u2014and what measures can we take to protect our drinking water supplies?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slovenia has made significant strides in the past in the area of groundwater protection. Groundwater protection zones are among the most important tools for protecting drinking water sources and are relatively well regulated by international standards. Nevertheless, legislation cannot prevent all forms of pollution affecting groundwater. Indirect impacts associated with changes in land use and the increasing number of visitors to natural areas\u2014which, in reality, represent the relatively unpressured hinterlands of water sources\u2014are becoming increasingly significant. Tourism has long since ceased to be merely a seasonal phenomenon; rather, it is increasingly a year-round activity that places additional pressure on water resources in sensitive hydrogeological environments. At the same time, we repeatedly encounter scenes in the field that should prompt us to reflect on our relationship with water and the environment. I am still very surprised by the widespread parking of vehicles in unregulated parking lots, including in water protection zones surrounding the most abundant water sources. As hydrogeologists, we pay close attention to individual land-use interventions when protecting water resources. If someone wants to build a parking lot in a water protection area, we require the surfaces to be sealed, controlled stormwater drainage, and other protective measures. We know why. We know that oils, fuels, and other substances can pose a risk to groundwater. But experience shows that just a few kilometers away from a water source, in a natural setting, several hundred vehicles can gather in a single day\u2014a situation that no water protection regime can effectively address. Not because the regulations are inadequate, but because there are often no simple technical solutions for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, tourism is not the only pressure we observe in areas with significant water resources. A similar issue arises with certain other land-use interventions, which we often take for granted or view as necessary, yet give far less thought to their impact on water resources. Just as in previous years, this past summer I observed construction and maintenance work in riverbeds at several locations. As an engineer, I can somewhat understand that restoration sometimes requires major construction work. As a hydrogeologist, however, I cannot help but ask myself various questions when faced with such a scene: What happens if there is a spill of fuel or hydraulic oil during the work? Where will the contaminated water flow? Could the intervention affect the characteristics of the hydraulic connection between surface water and groundwater? This is particularly problematic in the catchment areas of water sources, where surface water and groundwater are in direct hydraulic connection. In such cases, a stream is not merely a stream but an important part of the groundwater recharge system. In one of the Alpine valleys, during a period of exceptionally low flow, I observed tracks left by construction machinery that had been working directly in the stream channel. Along the same channel are two water sources that are directly fed by the stream. If contamination occurs, there is a real possibility that some of these substances will very quickly reach the drinking water supply system. This is unacceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A particular challenge is the fact that we often do not yet know how to reliably measure or assess these impacts. Their effects are typically spatially dispersed, long-lasting, and may not become apparent in groundwater for years or even decades. As a result, they are often underestimated in water resource planning and management, even though they can have a significant long-term impact on the quantity and quality of groundwater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is precisely why I am constantly surprised by how much energy we devote to regulating construction, agriculture, and specific industrial activities, while we often discuss the actual pressures on water resources far less. Perhaps the biggest problem with Slovenian water management is not a lack of regulations. The problem is that we still too often view a water source as a point on a map rather than as an entire hydrogeological system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alongside the issues of hydrological droughts and drinking water supply, the question of using groundwater for agricultural irrigation is also being raised with increasing frequency. Agriculture is, in fact, among the activities most severely affected by drought, so during periods of prolonged rainfall shortages, the demand for water for irrigation generally increases. In many cases, groundwater is one of the few reliable water sources that remain available even under drought conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can lead to increasing pressure from various uses on the same water resources. On the one hand, there is a need to ensure food security and adapt agriculture to climate change; on the other hand, there is a need to preserve sufficient quantities of high-quality drinking water. Both uses are legitimate and socially important, so the issue cannot be resolved solely through administrative bans or simple technical measures. In the future, therefore, a broader social consensus on priority water uses during periods of scarcity will be necessary. Decisions on this will no longer be merely a technical or hydrogeological matter, but also a matter of societal priorities. Experts can assess the availability of water resources, their renewal capacity, and the risks associated with individual withdrawals; however, the decision on how to allocate the available water among different users will primarily be a matter of social consensus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What poses the greatest threat to groundwater today?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Growing pressures on the environment\u2014such as urbanization, traffic, tourism, more intensive use of natural areas, and interventions in watercourses\u2014along with an ever-increasing demand for water, are placing additional strain on aquifers. A particular challenge is the fact that we do not yet know how to adequately assess many indirect and cumulative impacts, and their consequences may not become apparent for years or even decades. In the future, the issue of groundwater quantity is also likely to become increasingly important. During periods of prolonged drought, the demand for water to supply the population, support agriculture, fuel the economy, and preserve aquatic ecosystems all increase simultaneously. This could lead to a situation where groundwater is no longer merely a natural resource but becomes a limited commodity, requiring societal decisions and the establishment of priority uses. While in the past we have justifiably focused primarily on protecting groundwater from pollution, an equally important question in the future will be how to maintain sufficient quantities of high-quality groundwater in the face of growing demand and increasingly frequent hydrological droughts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Slovenia is one of the few countries that has enshrined the right to drinking water in its constitution. Can this protect us from water shortages during the unpredictable consequences of climate change?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By doing so, we have protected not only water but also the idea that there are goods whose value exceeds their market price. In an era of climate change, increasingly frequent droughts, and growing pressures on land, this understanding of water is becoming ever more important. Unfortunately, however, practice all too often shows that other economic and land-use interests\u2014which are otherwise entirely legitimate under the Constitution\u2014 effectively take precedence over the right to drinking water\u2014and in most cases, this happens with virtually no social consensus, but solely due to individual interests. That is why it is important that, as a society, we continually ask ourselves how much it is truly worth to be assured that safe drinking water will flow from the tap tomorrow, and how much the security of a reliable water source is worth. This is precisely why water transcends ordinary market logic. It is part of our cultural identity and one of the foundations of social stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How can the field of hydrogeology contribute to the timely identification of risks and the effective protection of groundwater?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hydrogeology plays a key role in this regard, as it enables an understanding of the processes taking place hidden beneath the surface. The most reliable data come from the physical properties of groundwater flow in intergranular aquifers, which are now relatively well studied thanks to a dense network of observations and measurements. Consequently, we can monitor and predict their responses to droughts and changes in groundwater recharge with a high degree of reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karst and karst-fissure aquifers, which supply a significant portion of Slovenia\u2019s population, pose a greater challenge. These systems are hydrogeologically much more complex, as water flows through fractures and karst channels; consequently, responses to precipitation, droughts, and land-use pressures are often rapid and vary greatly from place to place. Nevertheless, the field is making rapid progress in this area as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the development of advanced methods for forecasting extreme events in the field of groundwater, the hydrogeological community is making significant progress in understanding the processes within aquifers. If we have a sufficient understanding of the key pressures on the environment and can identify potential risks, we also have the opportunity to take action before problems arise. When it comes to protecting groundwater, perhaps the greatest challenge is identifying a problem in time and taking action while it can still be prevented. Protecting groundwater is therefore not just the responsibility of hydrogeologists and the government, but a responsibility we all share.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Z dr. Lukom Serianzem, raziskovalcem na Oddelku podzemne vode \u2013 hidrogeologija, smo spregovorili o leto\u0161njem poletju, ko sta Slovenijo in velik del Evrope zaznamovala pomanjkanje padavin in su\u0161a. V nadaljevanju preberite, kako su\u0161ni dogodki vplivajo na podzemne vode, kak\u0161no je trenutno stanje vodnih virov in zakaj je njihovo poznavanje klju\u010dno za prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam. Leto\u0161nje [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":966325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-966320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obvestila"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Su\u0161a po su\u0161i - GeoZS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geo-zs.si\/en\/susa-po-susi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Su\u0161a po su\u0161i - GeoZS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Z dr. Lukom Serianzem, raziskovalcem na Oddelku podzemne vode \u2013 hidrogeologija, smo spregovorili o leto\u0161njem poletju, ko sta Slovenijo in velik del Evrope zaznamovala pomanjkanje padavin in su\u0161a. V nadaljevanju preberite, kako su\u0161ni dogodki vplivajo na podzemne vode, kak\u0161no je trenutno stanje vodnih virov in zakaj je njihovo poznavanje klju\u010dno za prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam. 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